CYNTHIA ANN PARKER

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In 1836, at the age of 9, Cynthia Ann Parker was abducted by Comanches from a frontier settlement in Texas. She married a respected Comanche warrior and had three children by him. Twenty-four years later she was re-abducted by whites and spent the rest of her life longing to return to her Comanche family and to what had become her people.

Alan Le May’s novel The Searchers, the basis of John Ford’s film, was inspired in part by Cynthia Ann’s story, most notably by an uncle of hers who spent seven years searching for her without success.

TEN THOUSAND CATTLE STRAYING

This song, often collected in anthologies of cowboy ballads and identified as traditional, was in fact written by Owen Wister for the 1904 stage adaptation of his novel The Virginian. Wister, a classically trained musician, had seriously considered becoming a composer before turning to literature as his profession.

As a sidelight to this, in 1893, on a ranch in West Texas, Wister had heard a cowboy singing “Get Along Little Dogies”, which really was a traditional cowboy song. Wister wrote down the words and annotated the tune, and later supplied these to Alan Lomax, who believed this to be the first documented record of the song.

THE VIRGINIAN

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Ernest Hemingway once observed that all modern American literature proceeds from one book, Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. It could be said with even greater justice that all of what we now call Western fiction proceeds from one book, Owen Wister’s The Virginian.

Western fiction didn’t really exist before The Virginian, at least not as a respectable literary form.  You had sensational dime-novel narratives, and you had the frontier cavalry novels of Charles King, but The Virginian created the myth of the cowboy as a kind of knight errant of the plains, as a symbol of noble manhood to be emulated by the increasingly urbanized and emasculated Easterner.

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The book, published in 1902, was well received critically and wildly successful commercially — it instantaneously created a genre, and helped define it for generations to come.

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Wister’s book introduced the catchphrase “When you call me that, SMILE,” as well as the theme of the Eastern tenderfoot instructed in the virile arts by a true plainsman.  It introduced the theme of the Eastern schoolmarm courted and won by that same plainsman, as well as the theme of problematic vigilante justice on the frontier.

The Virginian of the book’s title — his actual name is never given — must at one point hang an old friend who has become a horse thief.  The treatment of this is very similar to the treatment of an almost identical incident in Larry McMurtry’s Lonesome Dove.

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The plot of the The Virginian revolves around a range war, which would become another staple theme of the Western.  Wister based his on the Johnson County War in Wyoming, which also inspired Michael Cimino’s movie Heaven’s Gate, though Wister — perhaps predictably, since he came from Philadelphia aristocracy — took the side of the rich cattle barons, while Cimino depicted them as the villains of the conflict.

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The book culminates in a threat directed by the villain at the Virginian to “get out of town by sundown” or face the consequences — meaning a gunfight in the street, which the Virginian must show up for, even though his soon-to-be-bride says she’ll leave him if he does.

Echoes of the book sound in almost every Western story, on the page and on the screen, created since it was published.  (And there have been six movie adaptations of The Virginian itself.)  The themes and scenes of the book got reworked again and again in the Western genre.

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Most curious, perhaps, is that the female protagonist of The Virginian, the schoolmarm already mentioned, is an exceptionally strong character, whose courage and competence are likened to those of a frontiersman.  The climax of the courtship comes when she discovers the Virginian in a remote place wounded in an Indian ambush and on the verge of death.  He urges her to leave him and seek safety, in case the Indians return, but she simply reloads his pistol and refuses, then gets him back to safety, singlehandedly.

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In the character of Molly Woods, Wister was anticipating the strong, active female characters absent from Western fiction for generations after The Virginian — ones that would begin to appear regularly in novels and movie Westerns only in the 1960s and later . . . in Charles Portis’s True Grit, for example, in McMurtry’s Western novels and in Elmore Leonard’s Western tales.  More importantly, the love story between Woods and the Virginian is, despite all the other subplots and action sequences, the core of the novel, just as a love story is at the core of McMurtry’s Lonesome Dove.

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Wister was hardly an artist equal to Twain, but he was, in his way, just as visionary and influential.  He wasn’t even a storyteller in the class of Portis or McMurtry or Leonard — but The Virginian is, in its way, just about as entertaining as any of their Western tales.

FRONTIER FOOD

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According to Owen Wister’s novel The Virginian, Underwood Deviled Ham was a cowboy favorite in frontier Wyoming, along with tinned sardines, and a heated-up chunk of canned corned beef was likely to be served to you as the main course at a restaurant or boarding house in a small frontier town.

The deviled ham is palatable, spread on a cracker — the canned corned beef has a quality of dog food about it, faintly savory, faintly repulsive.  Wister said that fresh chickens and eggs were rare on the frontier, along with milk and butter, and that fresh vegetables were all but unknown.

Beef and beans were the staples of a cowboy’s diet, with some bacon or fresh-caught trout now and then if he got lucky.  Home gardens, milk cows and chicken coops were brought to the frontier by women who married ranchers, and were otherwise considered unmanly things to truck with.

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If you want to eat like a real cowboy, have some fried or stewed or barbecued beef, some beans, and some meat or fish out of a can.

YES!

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